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| The third painting from the 2013 Parvum Opus Desk Calendar: A Gold Cup, Peru? 1670-1715, from the cargo of the Santo Cristo de San Roman, sunk in 1715 |
After a long absence due to an incredibly busy few weeks in the bindery, I'm very pleased to be back and to bring you the third installment of posts on the antique art objects from the Parvum Opus 2013 Desk Calendar. As you may recall, each year we add twelve new motifs to our library of original watercolor paintings, which are then featured in our desk calendars, ex libris bookplates and address labels. All of these can of course be seen at http://www.parvumopus.com.
For the month of March, I chose to paint a three hundred year-old gold cup, probably from Peru, filled with a
jaunty posy of hydrangea and ivy: a perfect complement for any elegant desk,
wouldn’t you say? Interestingly, it’s one of two pieces of sunken treasure
featured in this year’s calendar. This
cup was part of an enormous load of treasure aboard the Spanish galleon, San
Cristo de San Roman, sunk during a hurricane off the coast of Florida in 1715.
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| A Spanish galleon, by Everett Hickam: a sister to the Santo Cristo de San Roman, perhaps? |
According to Allen Tony at Wrecksite.com, “Santo Cristo de San Roman brought up the rear of the
fleet and acted as a guard ship. The 450 tons ship was armed with 54 cannons.
The holds of the ship contained the second largest amount of treasure within
the fleet. The manifest is as follows: 2,687,416 pesos in silver and gold, 53
chests of worked silver, 14 chests of Chinese porcelain, 728 leather bags of
cochineal, 1,702 leather bags and chests of indigo, 139 sheets of copper, 682
tanned leather hides, 26 chests of pottery, 48 chests of vanilla beans, balsam,
liquid amber, chocolate, oaxaca, cochineal, brazilwood and sasparilla. During
the hurricane of 1715 she ran aground on a reef when 1,500 feet from the shore,
eventually coming to rest on the second reef when 700 feet from the shore in 12
feet of water.”
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| A map of just a few of the shipwrecks off the coast of Florida, including the San Roman, second from the top. |
The San Roman’s
treasure had been destined for Spain where it surely would
have been useful to the heavily debt-burdened Philip V (no comment). After her sinking, recovery of the San Roman's treasure began almost immediately. Our
gold cup was among those objects recovered by divers in 1715.
As you can see in the painting, despite being slightly dented from its underwater adventures, this
is a very sensitively worked cup. This is not at all surprising given the long history
of goldsmithing in South America. Metal working in the New World seems to have
developed in the Andean region of modern Peru, Colombia and Bolivia with gold being hammered and shaped
into intricate objects, (particularly ornaments) as early as 2155 to 1936 BCE.
Gold in the Americas was an especially prized material, valued for its
religious symbolism. For the Inca and other peoples of the Andean region of
South America, gold was thought of as the "sweat of the sun," the most sacred of all
deities.
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| An early Inca sun motif gold mask |
Our anonymous South American
goldsmith formed this beautiful cup from a sheet of gold, alternating between hammering and heating the metal until it had the desired shape. This was no brutish, primitive task: the molecules in the gold had to be hammered carefullly into alignment to create a rigid, but not brittle finished vessel. He would have soldered the two handles, and then worked the design on the cup using complex techniques of repoussé and
chasing. In repoussé, specialized tools are used to impress the design into the metal from the
back (repoussé being from the French, “pushed up”). About three hundred forty years ago, then, our artist ancestor would have refined his design by delicately
working with chisels from the front of the cup (chasing). Having studied metalwork during
my art school years and after, I romantically imagine that his chasing tools,
made specifically for his hand, would not have been so very different than my
own handmade tools, forged with the guidance of my undergraduate mentor.
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| A selection of handmade chasing tools, reminiscent of some of my own, courtesy of Anvil Fire |
How
wonderful that in a time in which we value the virtual more highly than many
things, working with one’s hands provides a unique path towards understanding our ancestors and the objects they created. Using the traditional, sometimes even ancient craft techniques and tools passed down through generations of artisans, allows us to relate to the people and objects of the past on a very human,
intimate level. Brilliant.
If you'd care to learn more about the history of gold in South America, I invite you to take a look at this video tour of the magnificent Gold Museum in Bogota, Colombia. Having visited many times myself, I can tell you that the predominant golden hue of this video wonderfully represents the fantastic, unreal glow of the place. Enjoy!
